Alpha

A measure of selection risk (also known as residual risk) of a mutual fund in relation to the market. A positive alpha is the extra return awarded to the investor for taking a risk, instead of accepting the market return. For example, an alpha of 0.4 means the fund outperformed the market-based return estimate by 0.4%. An alpha of -0.6 means a fund's monthly return was 0.6% less than would have been predicted from the change in the market alone. In a Jensen Index, it is factor to represent the portfolio's performance that diverges from its beta, representing a measure of the manager's performance.

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Alpha equation
The alpha of a fund is determined as follows:
[ (sum of y) -((b)(sum of x)) ] / n

where: n =number of observations (36 months)

b = beta of the fund)

x = rate of return for the S&P 500)

y = rate of return for the fund)



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Principal-agent relationship

A situation that can be modeled as one person, an agent, who acts on the behalf of another person, the principal.


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